The relationship of training and education to leadership practices in frontline nurse leaders.

BACKGROUND Although organizations strive to develop transformational leaders, frontline nurse managers and directors are often inadequately prepared and lack transformational leadership (TL) behaviors. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of TL practices, nurse characteristics, and formal leadership training of frontline nurse leaders in a large health system. METHODS A survey of 512 frontline nurse leaders in 23 hospitals assessed demographic characteristics, the amount of leadership training received, and self-perceived leadership behaviors, measured through the Leadership Practices Inventory. RESULTS Formal training influences only 1 component of TL behaviors, helping train leaders to model the way for their employees. Increasing a nurse leader's level of formal education has a significant effect in improving overall TL practices and behaviors that inspire a shared vision and challenge the process. CONCLUSION To build transformational frontline nurse leaders, organizations should balance formal leadership training programs with advanced degree attainment to encourage leaders to envision and challenge the future.